高清福利片

By Feral Partnerships

Contemporary environmental crises have heightened the need for architecture to engage with issues of conservation and biodiversity. With nature-reserve models failing to arrest global ecological loss, and with construction continuing apace in many parts of the world, the question increasingly becomes: how might we secure biodiversity within the shared territories of human and other-than-human inhabitation?1聽Architecture and urban planning disciplines thus sit at a critical position for intervention in the interests of multispecies stakeholders. This position invites an expansion of our practice and a reconsideration of our ways of being in the world and in the built environment.

Modern architectural and urban theories have in fact long been animated by biological and ecological narratives, formulated to counter the ills of industrialised life. Many have argued, however, that such movements have tended not to include the other-than-human in their projects, but rather to legitimise more controlled and homogeneous spaces.2聽The architectural profession has largely continued in this tradition in its responses to environmental crisis, rallying around technical solutions: airtight envelopes, domestic and regional scale renewable energy production, a devotion to data gathering and monitoring, or biomimicry. Yet the ongoing complicity of urbanisation and construction in biodiversity loss raises important questions. Should we frame the escalation of human environmental control as a panacea or a problem? Which species are we planning to bring with us into a post-fossil fuel future? Or, to put it another way, what does it matter if energy sources and construction methods are clean and quiet if there are no living soils, insects, birds, fish or mammals left to flourish in their midst?

Through modelling, drawing, photographs and film, across six conceptual frameworks, we present case studies from a research archive of built forms that encapsulate certain forms of commitment between humans and other species. This research has been global in scope with but an emphasis on Australian stories. Here are four examples.

Bush House

The nineteenth century saw a massive migration of plants, animals and humans across the planet. Botanical gardens across Europe invested enormous resources into collecting 鈥榚xotic鈥� specimens, whilst familiar 鈥極ld World鈥� species were cultivated within 鈥楴ew World鈥� colonies.3

The bush house is one typology born out of this imperial ecological project. In many ways it was the adaptation of the glasshouse or conservatory 鈥� a Victorian-era climate controlled environment for the propagation of economic and ornamental plants 鈥� for warmer climates. Beginning as an exclusively horticultural space, detached from the home, it gradually became a place to teach children, linger and entertain (part of a patriarchal process that saw women as educators in the home).4聽The maintenance and care of plants was important work for the colonial project of acclimatisation. However it also fostered the growth of feminist led botany practices and offered Victorian women a passage into an otherwise male-dominated global network of scientists.5聽When set against contemporary high tech, hydroponic greenhouse production in regional areas, the bush house marks another pathway for sun-based gardening: developing from an essential tool for land development into a space of ornament, education and enjoyment.6

Kabata

Kabata is a unique refrigeration and cleaning system with spring water which has been used in Japan鈥檚 Shiga prefecture for more than a century. Although many towns had similar systems, most have been replaced by municipal drinking water. However, Harie, a town with about 600 inhabitants on the margins of Lake Biwa, still has more than 100 houses with Kabata.7

Harie is located at the edge of an alluvial fan, where confined groundwater upwells, and can be brought to the surface with a pipe hammered into the ground.8聽This Kabata spring is separated into several concrete water basins for different purposes under a wooden roofed sheds.9聽Water from the upwelling used to be manually brought into the home for drinking and cooking, but today most houses have an electrical pump. A first basin is used for cooling and rinsing: the temperature of ground water stays between 13 and 15 degrees Celsius through the year, so in summer people store tomatoes, cucumbers and watermelons in the water, or use it to cool hot tea. A second basin is used to wash pans or other utensils. Most households have carp or other fish, which were once to be eaten, but now are kept as 鈥渃leaners鈥� that eat leftover food particles on the pans.10聽The Kabata users rely on the carp, as well as on other residents, to ensure that the water remains clean and usable, and the community has recently agreed to avoid the use of harsh cleaning chemicals, to protect the carp and the potability of the water.11聽The delicate commonality embedded in the use of this aquatic resource continues to keep the residents of Harie attentive to the health of their local ecology.

Dovecote

The Greek island of Tinos located in the Cyclades archipelago, contains over 1,000 highly ornate homes for pigeons known as Peristeriones. In feudal times, Venetian traders learned to domesticate the birds for their meat, lubricating fat, communication capabilities and nutrient rich manure used as fertiliser. Situated amidst arable fields reliant on their precious holdings, the dovecotes were expressed as miniature castles drawing upon medieval Venetian motifs, used to express social status and function.12聽Eclectic triangular and diagonal openings face waterways where pigeons fed, returning with nutrient rich manure to boost crop yields. Horizontal planes protect the elevated openings from snakes and other threats from entering, while allowing many surfaces for pigeons to nest, sit and rest between flights.

While pigeon rearing remains a popular practice around the world, the dovecote and the nutrient soil it generated became redundant with the rise of synthetic fertilisers and pesticides. Those same chemicals enter into waterways via agricultural runoff, disrupting ecosystems and producing infertility in humans.

Dakhma

罢丑别听Dakhma聽or Tower of Silence is a circular structure, usually at the top of a mound of sand or a rocky hill, designed to host the Zoroastrian funerary practice of聽Dokhmenashini. It consists of a raised plinth, open to the sky, where human corpses are placed for excarnation by avian scavengers. For Zoroastrians,听顿辞办丑尘别苍补蝉丑颈苍颈听accords the necessary reverence to the elements of earth and fire, which are not permitted to be contaminated by the demonic spirits believed to inhabit the dead body.13

The bodies are located in three concentric depressions, usually the outer circle for males, middle for females and inner for children. In between the rings there are raised footpaths for the pallbearers. Once the carrion birds have reduced the body to the bones, these are then sprinkled and washed with nitric acid and slaked lime, and the remains filtered by layers of sandstone, sand and charcoal at the base of the well so that any rainwater that flows into the ground is free of any contamination.

While no longer practiced in Iran, many Zoroastrians fled to India and Pakistan in the 800s where Towers of Silence in Karachi and Mumbai are still active today. However, Indian vulture populations have dramatically declined due to the use of toxic drugs in the livestock they feed on.14聽Increasingly the work of the vultures is being replaced ineffectually by solar concentrators.15聽In Iran, thanks to a process of reintroduction, the sacred Huma vulture can now be seen flying in the northern mountains, though the practice of聽顿辞办丑尘别苍补蝉丑颈苍颈听remains repressed. The decline of the Dakhma prompts reflection on human exceptionalism, which finds abhorrence in humans becoming food for others, and reveals the entangled forms of loss that result from species extinction.

These architectures each begin to open up lost worlds to be reclaimed. Each is produced by communities of humans, animals, plants and others making their lives together. What transformations might result from restoring inter-species commitments in the production of built environments that allow multispecies lives to flourish?

聽is a collaboration born out of frustration with professional and academic practice standards in architecture around ecological and biodiversity loss.聽We are interested in stories of entangled ecologies and world-making projects that meet at and within , the boundaries of whatever is perceived to be 鈥榯he built environment.鈥� In opening up and expanding spatial and disciplinary boundaries, our practice explores how novel forms of commitment between human and other- than-human ecologies can emerge. Since its formation in late 2019, Feral Partnerships has been selected to co-organise a panel session at the Political Ecology Network (POLLEN) Third Biennial Conference, on the theme of multispecies co-habitation in architecture and the built environment. We have also been awarded a Culture & Animals Foundation 2020 grant, funding our research project: 鈥淭he Architecture of Multispecies Cohabitation,鈥� currently exhibiting at the University of Sydney鈥檚 Tin Sheds Gallery in April 2021.

Header image:聽Remains of Zoroastrian Dakhma temples where vultures facilitate the passage of the soul from the body. Yazd Iran via Shutterstock, ID:1929426209