高清福利片

By Thom van Dooren, Associate Professor, Department of Gender and Cultural Studies, University of Sydney

In the early 2000s, a series of corvid heists took placeat the Membury service station on the M4 motorway in England. In each case, events unfolded in pretty much the same way. Two rooks (Corvus frugilegus) arrived and took up positions on opposite sides of the top of a garbage can. Working in tandem, they pulled the plastic liner up with their beaks, securing it at this new height with their feet before reaching down again with their beaks to pull it up further. Repeating this action about twenty times, the birds gained access to the once inaccessible waste at the bottom, bringing it ever so gradually within beak鈥檚 reach.¹聽Many of the remarkable behaviors that went into this heist 鈥� teamwork, patience, and calculation 鈥攈ave been experimentally demonstrated by corvids over the years.²

It isn鈥檛 entirely clear that anything was really being 鈥渟tolen鈥� in this case: can one really steal what another has discarded? But there is an important act of theft lingering at the edges of this action. When the garbage was finally within reach of the rooks鈥� beaks, reports indicate that one of the birds would start tossing the food over the side of the bin while the other, or perhaps a third rook, stood guard on the ground to ensure that the hard-won food wasn鈥檛 stolen by others. The real site of potential theft took place聽补蹿迟别谤听the elaborate heist, once the food had been secured.聽Here, in this seemingly mundane, everyday space of encounter 鈥� crows squabbling over bread or a chip on a sidewalk 鈥� a great deal of what it means to be a corvid takes shape.聽As these rooks diligently guarded their bounty they demonstrated both the capacity to聽补苍迟颈肠颈辫补迟别听theft by others and the ability to act preemptively to ward it off. This, too, is no small achievement; in fact, it may even be the case that these pilfering and antipilfering activities are in some sense聽蹿耻苍诲补尘别苍迟补濒听to what it is to be a corvid.

Most crows, it seems, spend a solid amount of time each day stealing from others. Most crow species combine foraging, hunting and collecting activities with efforts to steal food from their neighbors.^3听Northwestern crows聽(C. caurinus)聽in聽Washington State聽steal rather indiscriminately from relatives and strangers, although they seem to tailor their thieving strategies. When stealing from a more closely related bird, a crow often quietly approached and took the food, whereas when a less closely related bird was the target, theft often involved a noisy, squawking approach and a subsequent pursuit until the fleeing bird dropped the food.^4听In this context, crows are primarily stealing from others opportunistically, as the food was procured. But, importantly, corvids don鈥檛 limit themselves to this kind of theft. In addition, they have become highly skilled at raiding one another鈥檚 鈥渃aches,鈥� that is, the little bits of food and other items 鈥� acorns and other seeds, bits of meat or even tools for extracting grubs from logs and tree trunks 鈥� that all species of corvids tend to hide away for later.⁵

With all this stealing going on, it makes sense that corvids try to cache things away from prying eyes, and if they are seen, they often return later to move the item to a safer location. These are complex cognitive and social operations. It seems that corvids are not only keeping track of their own caches but also of which other birds saw them cache which items where.^{6 7}聽Interestingly, an experiment with scrub jays (Aphelocoma coerulescens) showed that only birds who had themselves previously stolen from others took these kinds of preventative actions.⁸聽In short, as Nicola Clayton, professor of comparative cognition at the University of Cambridge, put it in our conversation, 鈥渋t takes a thief to know one.鈥�

Many of these studies of caching behavior are, more accurately, studies of聽stealing: of pilfering and antipilfering strategies. This topic has been of particular interest to biologists not because they have a strong interest in questions of corvid morality but because of what crows might here reveal about their ability to attribute mental states to others, referred to in biology as possessing a 鈥渢heory of mind鈥� (ToM). In acting in the ways that they do, crows seem to demonstrate an understanding of other crows as mindful beings, subjects with their own unique 鈥減erceptions, attentions, intentions, and beliefs鈥�.⁹聽Far from simply responding to where another bird is looking or going (鈥渞eading behavior鈥�), recent studies strongly indicate that these birds are attributing mental states to others, as demonstrated in work in which ravens took preventative measures to stop pilfering by birds they could not see but knew聽尘颈驳丑迟听be watching them^.10

Two of the main laboratories engaged in studying these complex interactions between pilfering and antipilfering 鈥攖hat of Nicola Clayton and that of Thomas Bugnyar at the University of Vienna 鈥攈ave reached a similar conclusion: this behavior may be the key driver in the evolution of the remarkable intelligence of corvids.^{11 12}聽Central to this possibility is the development of spatial and observational memory, which allow birds not only to relocate their own caches but to watch where someone else has cached, remember the location, and return later. As Clayton explained to me: 鈥淥bservational memory for caches has probably driven the increasing cognitive complexity of both stealing strategies and cache-protection tactics, because an individual bird is both the protector of its own caches and a potential pilferer of others鈥�. As Bugnyar and Kotrschal put it: 鈥渢his competitive game for food may fuel an intraspecific evolutionary arms race for deceptive and cognitive abilities鈥�.¹³

This fascinating hypothesis places hiding and, of course, stealing at the center of our stories about how it is that crows became who they are. If Clayton and Bugnyar are correct, then perhaps it is pilfering and its prevention that have, more than anything else, enabled their complex cognitive and social lives. Corvid wakefulness is, at least in part, a product of and a preparation for theft鈥攊t is stolen property. Stealing is at the core of who crows are. In fact, the more I learn about these activities, the more comfortable I am labeling them as 鈥渢heft鈥�. While this term surely has a variety of meanings and associations within diverse cultural, not to mention biological, contexts, it seems to me that it is not right to assume that to apply it to the activities of nonhumans is necessarily an anthropomorphic projection. We are, at the very least, in the same neighborhood here. Crows do seem to have a sense of theft: they understand and negotiate its social intricacies, its hostilities and niceties, its conduct and its prevention. They steal knowingly, deliberately, sometimes even carefully鈥攃ertainly from one another but perhaps also from others, including humans. In making this point, my aim is not to slip into the unhelpful forms of moralizing that so often accompany discussions of theft. Rather, it is to learn to see and appreciate in new ways what is at stake, what is聽made possible, by stealing. Whole modes of life鈥攆ascinating, rich, intelligent ways of being鈥攈ave been stolen into existence, brought into our world in no small way through this particular space and practice of being with others.

Excerpted from聽The Wake of Crows聽by聽Thom van Dooren聽Copyright (c) 2019 Thom van Dooren. Used by arrangement with the Publisher. All rights reserved.

聽will聽be published by Columbia University Press in October 2019.

Crows can be found almost everywhere that people are, from tropical islands to deserts and arctic forests, from densely populated cities to suburbs and farms. Focusing on five key sites,听The Wake of Crowsis an exploration of the diverse and entangled lives of humans and crows, asking how we might live well with crows in the midst of ongoing processes of globalization, colonization, urbanization, and climate change. The substantive chapters of the book focus on human/crow encounters in specific sites, in an effort to imagine and put into practice a multispecies ethics for this time of extinction and extermination.

Throughout the book, a series of short vignettes, like the one above, offer reflections on some of the remarkable features of crow life. Drawing on research in behavioural biology, alongside interviews with leading scientists and visits to key labs, these vignettes explore what crows might be up to when they experiment with cars as a means of opening tough nuts (鈥淓xperimenting鈥�), when they steal from each other (鈥淪tealing鈥�), when they pull a string together to access food (鈥淐ooperating鈥�), when they hold their wings open over a lit cigarette (鈥淔umigating鈥�), and when they seemingly leave shiny trinkets for friendly people (鈥淕ifting鈥�). In each of these cases, we learn a little more鈥攐r at the very least are provided with some fascinating sites for careful speculation鈥攁bout how corvids make sense of the world.

Thom van Dooren聽is Associate Professor and Australian Research Council Future Fellow (2017-2021) in the Department of Gender and Cultural Studies, and founding co-editor of the journal聽Environmental Humanities聽(Duke University Press). His research is based in the broad interdisciplinary field of the environmental humanities, with particular grounding in environmental philosophy, cultural studies, and science and technology studies. His research and writing focuses on some of the many philosophical, ethical, cultural, and political issues that arise in the context of species extinctions and human entanglements with threatened species and places. He is the author of聽Flight Ways: Life and Loss at the Edge of Extinction聽(2014),听聽(2019), and co-editor of聽Extinction Studies: Stories of Time, Death, and Generations聽(2017), all published by Columbia University Press.

Header image:聽by Jeremy Mura, via Unsplash.