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We often hear the phrase 鈥榞rowing pains鈥� used by the general public to describe muscle or joint pain in young people and the term is also used by health professionals. However researchers have found there is no consistent medical definition of the condition behind a diagnosis.

A broad review of medical literature by University of Sydney researchers found there is no agreement among researchers and clinicians on what growing pains really are, what they mean, how they are defined, and how they should be diagnosed.

The researchers say growing pains may be a medical misnomer. Surprisingly, more than 93 percent of studies did not refer to growth when defining the condition.

More than 80 percent of studies made no mention of age in their definition.

The findings have prompted the researchers to recommend the term growing pains not be used by clinicians and other researchers as a stand-alone diagnosis, until a clear definition backed by evidence has been established.

聽 in Pediatrics.

Growing pains are considered to be one of the most common causes of recurring musculoskeletal pain in children and adolescents. suggest up to a third of children experience the condition at some point in their life.

The term first emerged in 1823 in a book called 鈥楳aladies de la Croissance鈥� (鈥榙iseases of growth鈥�).

鈥淭housands of kids are diagnosed with growing pains by their healthcare professional, but we were curious 鈥� what does that diagnosis really mean?鈥� said lead author Dr Mary O鈥橩eeffe from Institute for Musculoskeletal Health at the University of Sydney.

The researchers extracted information from 147 studies that mentioned growing pains.

The goal was to see how researchers defined the term, and if there were any detailed criteria that led to a diagnosis. The medical literature included research of many types including systematic reviews, editorials, observational studies, case-control studies, and theses.

鈥淲hat we found was a little concerning: that there is no consistency in the literature on what 鈥榞rowing pains鈥� means,鈥� said Professor Steven Kamper, from the School of Health Sciences at the University of Sydney and Nepean Blue Mountains Local Health District. 聽

鈥淭he definitions were really variable, vague and often contradictory. Some studies suggested growing pains happened in the arms, or in the lower body. Some said it was about muscles while other studies said joints.鈥�

Only seven studies, less than 10 percent of the studies examined, mentioned growth related to the pain. More than 80 percent of the studies did not mention a young person鈥檚 age at the time 鈥榞rowing pains鈥� occurred.

There was also no widespread agreement or a lack of detail on where the pain was located or when the pain happened.

Fifty percent of studies referenced 鈥榞rowing pains鈥� as being located in the lower limb, while 28 percent reported specifically in the knees.

Forty-eight percent of studies reported the 鈥榞rowing pains鈥� happens during the evening or night and 42 percent reported it was recurring.

鈥淲hat this study uncovered was while 鈥榞rowing pains鈥� is a very popular label used to diagnose musculoskeletal pain, it means very different things to different people,鈥� said senior author Professor Steve Kamper.

鈥淭his level of uncertainty means clinicians don鈥檛 have a clear guide or criteria to know when the label 鈥榞rowing pains might be appropriate for a patient鈥�.鈥�

The study also raised new questions on whether growing pains have any connection to growth itself in bone or muscle.

鈥淭here is a lack of evidence or inconsistent information on growing pains as a condition 鈥� and how it is associated with growth, or even the cause of the pain,鈥� said Dr O鈥橩eeffe.

鈥淭here is a real opportunity to understand this condition 鈥� given how widespread the use of the term is, or whether there is even a need to use this term.鈥�

Declaration: The authors declare no competing interests.