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Placebo use by GPs high

International studies indicate that placebo use by general practitioners (GPs) is remarkably high, but until now usage in Australia was unknown.

A new survey by , in the School of Psychology at the University of Sydney, and at the University of New South Wales, examined rates of use and beliefs about placebos in Australian general practice. The findings are published today in the journal .

Key findings

• 77% of GPs had offered an active placebo (such as antibiotics for a virus)
• 39% of GPs had offered an inert placebo (such as saline spray or a water-based cream)
• GPs primarily used placebos because they believed they could provide genuine benefit and viewed themselves as having a strong role in shaping patients鈥� expectations
• 53% of GPs felt that administering placebos deceptively was unethical, but most (less than 80%) believed openly providing placebos 鈥� ie with the patient鈥檚 knowledge 鈥� is ethical
• GPs felt that medical trainees would benefit from more education about placebos.

What are the benefits of Placebos?

鈥淲e already know that doctors and GPs use placebos regularly overseas,鈥� Associate Professor Ben Colagiuri said. 鈥淪o, we wanted to see what was happening in Australia. We found that placebo use is also relatively common here. The good news is that Australian GPs are predominantly using placebos because they believe that there's some real benefit to them. They are simply trying to help their patients.鈥�

The more concerning news, Associate Professor Colagiuri said, is that in some cases GPs are also prescribing antibiotics, an active medication, for purposes other than its design.

鈥淭he most common case is when a GP prescribes antibiotics when they know or strongly suspect that the patient doesn't have a bacterial infection,鈥� he said. 鈥淚n these cases, they are prescribing antibiotics as a type of placebo, often because a patient expects or demands treatment. But antibiotics can have side effects and there are problems with antibiotic resistance if we prescribe antibiotics too much.鈥�

According to Associate Professor Colagiuri, one of the most important findings coming from the study is that GPs felt that medical trainees could benefit from more education about the placebo effect.

鈥淐urrently, there are no guidelines on placebo use in clinical practice in Australia. As such, GPs and other medical professionals are left to make up their own minds as to if, at all, and how to use placebos. It is really important for medical professionals and patients that we develop evidenced-based guidelines for placebo use in Australia.鈥澛�

Understanding placebos

Co-author said the study found rates of placebo use by Australian GPs that were similar to those seen in other countries 鈥� the rates of use that we are seeing in the current study are very much in line with international research.

鈥淣ow we need more focus on understanding the role of psychological and social factors in physical health outcomes,鈥� Dr Faasse said. 鈥淭here is so much more than just the active ingredients of a medicine, for example, that can help to improve people鈥檚 health.鈥�

鈥淚n terms of future research, I think the possibility that we 鈥� either as individuals, or in medical contexts 鈥� can be harnessing the placebo effect in our own lives by knowingly using 鈥榦pen-label鈥� placebos is fascinating,鈥� Dr Fasse said. 鈥淔iguring out the best way to do this, for example what information helps open-label placebos be most effective, in what dose, and for what outcomes, are really fascinating research questions that we鈥檙e starting to explore.鈥�

What is a placebo?

A placebo is a treatment that works because the patient expects it to. Placebos have been found to produce genuine therapeutic benefit in conditions ranging from pain, nausea and sleep, to hypertension, immune function and even Parkinson鈥檚 disease.

An inert placebo treatment is something that has no active ingredients whatsoever, such as a sugar pill, saline nasal spray or a water-based cream. An active placebo treatment is one that contains active ingredients 鈥� an antibiotic or cough mixture 鈥� but is unlikely to have a specific physiological effect on the patient鈥檚 current condition.

What is the placebo effect?

The placebo effect occurs when the patient believes a treatment will help them to feel better. These beliefs trigger changes in the central nervous system 鈥� such as the release of neurotransmitters in our brains 鈥� that actually cause improvement. Usually placebos involve deception, that is the patient is led to believe that they are receiving an active treatment. However, have shown that the placebo effect can happen even they are receiving a placebo. The vast majority of Australian GPs 鈥� more than 80 per cent 鈥� believe that giving a placebo openly, without deception, is ethical.

The study

The study published in the journal involved a random sample of 136 GPs from around Australia who completed a brief online survey which asked them about placebo use and their beliefs about placebo treatments.

顿别肠濒补谤补迟颈辞苍:听Dr Faasse is supported by an Australian Research Council Discovery Early Career Researcher Award (DE180100471).

Associate Professor Colagiuri was supported by an Australian Research Council Discovery Early Career Researcher Award (DE160100864) while conducting this research. The funder played no part in the study design, data collection, analysis, or interpretation. The researchers are independent from the funder.