Revealed: the violent past of Andromeda, our neighbouring galaxy
Andromeda's violent past uncovered
Video: Sebastian Zentilomo
Astronomers have pieced together the cannibalistic past of the neighbouring large galaxy Andromeda, which has set its sights on our Milky Way as the main course.聽聽
The galactic detective work found that Andromeda has eaten several smaller galaxies, likely within the last few billion years, with left-overs found in large streams of stars.
ANU researcher Dr Dougal Mackey, who co-led the study with聽聽from the University of Sydney, said the international research team also found very faint traces of more small galaxies that Andromeda gobbled up even earlier, perhaps as far back as during its first phases of formation about 10 billion years ago.
鈥淭he Milky Way is on a collision course with Andromeda in about four billion years, so knowing what kind of a monster our galaxy is up against is useful in finding out its ultimate fate,鈥� said聽聽from the ANU Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics.
鈥淎ndromeda has a much bigger and more complex stellar halo than the Milky Way, which indicates that it has cannibalised many more galaxies, possibly larger ones.鈥�
Signs of ancient feasting are written in the stars orbiting Andromeda, with the team studying dense groups of stars, known as globular clusters, to reveal the ancient mealtimes.聽
鈥淏y tracing the faint remains of these smaller galaxies with embedded star clusters, we鈥檝e been able to recreate the way Andromeda drew them in and ultimately enveloped them at the different times,鈥� Dr Mackey said.聽
Professor Geraint Lewis in his University of Sydney office. Photo: Louise Cooper
Something very weird聽聽
The discovery presents several new mysteries, with the two bouts of galactic feeding coming from completely different directions.
鈥淭his is very weird and suggests that the extragalactic meals are fed from what鈥檚 known as the 鈥榗osmic web鈥� of matter that threads the universe,鈥� said Professor Lewis from the聽聽and University of Sydney School of Physics.
鈥淢ore surprising is the discovery that the direction of the ancient feeding is the same as the bizarre 鈥榩lane of satellites鈥�, an unexpected alignment of dwarf galaxies orbiting Andromeda.鈥�
Dr Mackey and Professor Lewis were part of a team that previously discovered that such planes were fragile and rapidly destroyed by Andromeda鈥檚 gravity within a few billion years.
鈥淭his deepens the mystery as the plane must be young, but it appears to be aligned with ancient feeding of dwarf galaxies. Maybe this is because of the cosmic web, but really, this is only speculation,鈥� Professor Lewis said.
鈥淲e鈥檙e going to have to think quite hard to unravel what this is telling us,鈥� he said.
Dr Mackey said studying Andromeda also informed our understanding of the way our galaxy has grown and evolved over many billions of years.聽
鈥淥ne of our main motivations in studying astronomy is to understand our place in the universe. A way of learning about our galaxy is to study others that are similar to it and try to understand how these systems formed and evolved,鈥� Dr Mackey said.
鈥淪ometimes this can actually be easier than looking at the Milky Way, because we live inside it and that can make certain types of observations quite difficult.鈥�
The study, published in聽, analysed data from the Pan-Andromeda Archaeological Survey, known as PAndAS.
鈥淲e are cosmic archaeologists, except we are digging through the fossils of long-dead galaxies rather than human history,鈥� said Professor Lewis, a leading member of the survey.
The team involved institutions from Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Netherlands, Canada, France and Germany utilising聽the Canada-France Hawaii Telescope, the Gemini North Telescope, the Keck Telescope, the NOAO Mayall 4m telescope and the William Herschel Telescope.
Andromeda's collision with the Milky Way
NASA video
Declaration
Professor Geraint Lewis acknowledges the support of a Partnership Collaboration Award between the University of Sydney and the University of Edinburgh and Dr Dougal Mackey acknowledges support of the Australian Research Council Future Fellowship program.
The research benefited from funding from the French National Research Agency and the Marsden Fund of the Royal Society of New Zealand. Dr Mackey and Professor Lewis appreciate the hospitality of the Royal Observatory, Edinburgh.
Some data in the research were obtained at the W. M. Keck Observatory, Canada France Hawai鈥檌 Telescope and the Gemini Observatory in Hawai鈥檌. The authors recognise and acknowledge the significant cultural role and reverence that the summit of Maunakea has always had with the indigenous peoples of Hawai鈥檌.