Geologists discover how Australia's highest mountain was created
A team spearheaded by Professor Dietmar M眉ller from the University's School of Geosciences used high performance computing code to investigate the cause of the uplift which created Mount Kosciuszko and the Australian Alps.聽
An aerial image of eastern Australia's topography
Geologists from the University of Sydney and the California Institute of Technology have solved the mystery of how Australia鈥檚 highest mountain 鈥� Mount Kosciuszko 鈥� and surrounding Alps came to exist.
Most of the world鈥檚 mountain belts are the result of two continents colliding (e.g. the Himalayas) or volcanism. The mountains of Australia鈥檚 Eastern highlands 鈥� stretching from north-eastern Queensland to western Victoria - are an exception. Until now no one knew how they formed.
A research team spearheaded by from the University鈥檚 used high performance computing code to investigate the cause of the uplift which created the mountain range. The team found the answer in the mountains鈥� unusually strong gravity field.
鈥淭he gravity field led us to suspect the region might be pushed up from below so we started looking at the underlying mantle: the layer of rock between the Earth鈥檚 core and its crust,鈥� said Professor M眉ller. 聽
The team found the mantle under Australia鈥檚 east coast has been uplifted twice.
The first occurred during the Early Cretaceous Period, when Australia was part of Gondwanaland.
The mountains' unusually strong gravity field led us to suspect the region might have been pushed up from below.
Over Earth鈥檚 lifespan or 鈥榞eological time鈥� the largely solid mantle has continuously been stirred by old, cold tectonic plate sections sinking into the deep mantle, under another plate. This process, called subduction, was occurring during the Early Cretaceous Period.
鈥淓astern Australia was drifting over a subducted plate graveyard, giving it a sinking feeling,鈥� said co-author Dr Kara Matthews, a former PhD candidate at the University now at the University of Oxford. 鈥淏ut around 100 million years ago subduction came to a halt, resulting in the entire region being uplifted, forming the Eastern Highlands.鈥澛�
The next 50 million years was a time of relative inactivity.
鈥淭hen, about 50 million years ago Australia鈥檚 separation from Antarctica accelerated and it started moving north-northeast, gradually taking it closer to a vast mantle upwelling called the South Pacific Superswell,鈥� said co-author Dr Nicolas Flament. 鈥淭his provided a second upward push to the Eastern Highlands as they gradually rode over the edge of the superswell.鈥�
Professor M眉ller said the two-phase uplift suggested by supercomputer models is supported by geological features from rivers in the Snow Mountains, where river incision occurred in two distinct phases.
鈥淭he model we built explains why the iconic Australian Alps exist and is also a new mechanism for figuring out how some other mountainous regions elsewhere in the world were formed.鈥�
The team鈥檚 findings have been published in .